PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA

Abstract in English:

Guinea pigs are animal models widely used in research related to developmental biology. The objective of this work was to demonstrate the process of formation and differentiation of urinary organs in females of the species in the prenatal period. Four females were used at 25, 30, 45 and >65 DG (days of gestation). The animals were dissected, and then macroscopic and microscopic descriptions of the urinary organs were performed. At 25 DG metanephros were present in the urogenital crest into the abdominal cavity. Collecting ducts and glomerular precursor cells could be visualized. After this period, metanephros underwent microstructural modifications to form the kidneys at the end of the prenatal period. After 30 DG, the renal parenchyma already had a cortex, where the glomerulus and proximal convoluted tubules were present; and the medulla, where distal convoluted tubules, collecting ducts, and pelvis were present. The pelvis of each kidney was drained by the ureters. The ureters also underwent tissue differentiation to be differentiated (mucosa with transitional epithelium and lamina propria of connective tissue, muscular, and adventitia) at the end of the prenatal period. The urinary vesicle also underwent tissue changes to form the tunics similar to those found in the ureters, with emphasis on the greater volume of the muscular tunica and the lamina propria that constituted the submucosa in this organ. The pelvic urethra was evidenced by a mucosa lined by transitional epithelium, submucosa, muscular and adventitia. Finally, a partial clitoral urethra and a urethral meatus in the prepuce of the clitoris were also evidenced. The urethral channel began to form with the emergence of the urethral plate and the urethral groove at 30 DG and thereafter with the fusion of the urethral folds to form a partially channeled urethra in the clitoris. A urethral meatus was observed in the most distal portion of the clitoral tissue, formed by the fusion of the prepuce. It is concluded that the urinary organs of guinea pig have similar development to that described in domestic animals, except for the partial clitoral urethra and evident urethral meatus.

• Urinary system guinea pig Cavia porcellus embryology experimental models metanephros rodents

Abstract in Portuguese:

Os porquinhos‑da‑índia são modelos animais amplamente utilizados em pesquisas relacionadas a biologia do desenvolvimento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi demonstrar o processo de formação e diferenciação dos órgãos urinários em fêmeas da espécie no período pré-natal. Foram utilizadas quatro fêmeas aos 25, 30, 45 e >65 DG (dias de gestação). Os animais foram dissecados e então, realizaram-se descrições macroscópicas e microscópicas dos órgãos urinários. Aos 25 DG os metanefros estavam presentes na crista urogenital da cavidade abdominal. Podiam ser visualizados ductos coletores e células precursoras glomerulares. Após este período, os metanefros sofreram modificações microestruturais para formar os rins ao final do período pré-natal. Após os 30 DG, o parênquima renal já apresentava um córtex, onde estavam presentes os glomérulos e túbulos convolutos proximais, e a medula onde estavam presentes túbulos convolutos distais, ductos coletores e a pelve. A pelve de cada rim era drenada pelos ureteres. Os ureteres também sofreram diferenciação tecidual para estarem com suas túnicas diferenciadas (mucosa com epitélio de transição e lâmina própria de tecido conjuntivo; muscular; e, adventícia) ao final do período pré-natal. A vesícula urinária também passou por modificações teciduais para formar as túnicas semelhantes as dos ureteres, com destaque para o maior volume da túnica muscular e a lâmina própria que constituiu a submucosa neste órgão. Uma uretra pélvica foi evidenciada por uma mucosa revestida por epitélio de transição, submucosa, muscular e adventícia. Por último, uma uretra parcialmente clitoriana e um meato uretral no prepúcio do clitóris também foi evidenciado. O canal uretral começou a se formar com o aparecimento da placa uretral e do sulco uretral aos 30 DG e posteriormente com a fusão das pregas uretrais para formar uma uretra parcialmente canalizada no clitóris. Observou-se um meato uretral na porção mais distal do tecido clitoriano, formado pela fusão do prepúcio. Conclui-se que os órgãos urinários do porquinho-da-índia possuem desenvolvimento semelhante ao descrito em animais domésticos, com exceção da uretra parcialmente clitoriana e do meato uretral evidente.

• Sistema urinário fêmeas porquinhos-daíndia Cavia porcellus embriologia metanefros modelos experimentais roedores

Abstract in English:

Extensive literature is available about the intrinsic denervation of segments of the digestive tube through the application of CB in the serosa of the viscera. However, this technique has some disadvantages like causing peritonitis, flanges and high mortality, limiting its use in humans. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of benzalkonium chloride (CB) to induce intrinsic chemical denervation, through applications of CB in the intramural ileum of wistar rats, as well as deepen the knowledge about the evolution of neuronal injury caused in the process. We used 40 rats, divided into two groups (control-GC and benzalkonium GB) of 20 animals each, divided into four sub-groups according to the time of postoperative assessment of 24, 48 hours, 30 and 90 days. The animals were submitted to intramural microinjections of sterile saline solution 0.9% (GC) or benzalkonium chloride (GB) in ileal portion, and subsequent histopathological analysis and immunohistochemistry for evaluation of neuronal injury. A significant decrease (p<0.05) was found of the neuronal myenteric count over time in groups, GB3, GB4 and GB2. The specific positive immunolabeling for H2AX and Caspase-3 confirmed the results obtained in the histopathological evaluation, denoting the ignition of irreversible cell injury in 24 hours, evolving into neuronal apoptosis in 48 hours after application of the CB 0.3%. Under the conditions in which this work was conducted, it can be concluded that the application of CB 0.3% by means of microinjections intramural in the ileal wall is able to induce intrinsic chemical denervation of the diverticulum of wistar rats and that the main mechanism of neuronal death is induction of apoptosis.

• Experimental model intrinsic denervation ileum wistar rats intramural microinjections benzalkonium chloride apoptosis myenteric plexus neurons myenterics short bowel syndrome small intestine rodents clinics

Abstract in Portuguese:

Existe vasta literatura sobre a desnervação intrínseca de segmentos do tubo digestório através da aplicação de CB na serosa da víscera. Entretanto, essa técnica tem a desvantagem de causar peritonite, formação de bridas e alta mortalidade, não sendo factível para eventuais utilizações em humanos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a viabilidade do Cloreto de benzalcônio (CB) induzir desnervação química intrínseca, por meio de aplicações intramurais em íleo de ratos wistar, além de aprofundar o conhecimento sobre a evolução da lesão neuronal causada neste processo. Foram utilizados 40 ratos, distribuídos em dois grupos (controle- GC e benzalcônio GB) de 20 animais cada, subdivididos em quatro subgrupos de acordo com o tempo de avaliação pós-operatória de 24, 48 horas, 30 e 90 dias. Os animais foram submetidos à microinjeções intramurais de solução salina estéril 0,9% (GC) ou de cloreto de benzalcônio (GB) em porção ileal, e posterior análise histopatológica e imuno-histoquímica, para avaliação da lesão neuronal. Houve diminuição significativa (p<0,05) na contagem neuronal mientérica ao longo do tempo nos grupos GB2, GB3 e GB4. A imunomarcação específica positiva para H2AX e Caspase-3 confirmou os resultados obtidos na avaliação histopatológica, denotando início da lesão celular irreversível em 24 horas, evoluindo para apoptose neuronal em 48 horas após a aplicação do CB 0,3%. Nas condições em que este trabalho foi conduzido, é possível concluir que a aplicação de CB 0,3% por meio de microinjeções intramurais na parede ileal é capaz de induzir desnervação química intrínseca da porção ileal de ratos wistar e que o principal mecanismo de morte neuronal é a indução de apoptose.

• Modelo experimental desnervação intrínseca íleo ratos wistar micro injeção intramural cloreto de benzalcônio apoptose desnervação neurônios mientéricos síndrome do intestino curto plexo mientérico roedores clínica

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Utiumi K.U., Albuquerque A.S., Burque A.S., Souza F.R., Sonne L., Varaschin M.S., Raymundo D.L. & Peconick A.P. 2018. Experimental poisoning by Brachiaria decumbens in rabbits. [Intoxicação experimental por Brachiaria decumbens em coelhos.] Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 38(10):1885-1889. Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Cx. Postal 3037, Lavras, MG 37200-000, Brazil. E-mail: ki_uemura@yahoo.com.br Brachiaria spp. are important sources of forage for ruminants in Brazil, due to the easy cultivation, good resistance to drought, good adaptation to different soils and low maintenance cost. However, the ingestion of this grass has been related to photosensitization outbreaks in cattle and sheep with significant economic losses. The hepatotoxic effects related to the ingestion of grass are the formation of crystals and foamy macrophages due to the accumulation of toxic metabolites. The use of cattle and sheep in experiments involving the plant presents several obstacles in the ethical, economic and animal management. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of rabbits as an experimental model for B. decumbens poisoning. Two experiments were carried out. In Experiment 1 four rabbits received the fresh plant in daily doses of 10, 20, 40 and 80g/kg body weight for 120 days. In Experiment 2 three rabbits received the fresh plant in amounts of 500g daily with duration of 210 days. The animals of Experiment 1 showed no clinical signs and no macroscopic and microscopic changes characteristic of B. decumbens poisoning. In Experiment 2 the animals also showed no clinical signs or significant macroscopic alterations. Histological analysis showed isolated foamy macrophages or present in random groups of cells in the liver and mesenteric lymph nodes. Samples of liver and mesenteric lymph nodes of the rabbits of Experiment 2 were submitted to the lectin-histochemistry technique. The WGA, sWGA and RCA lectins showed reactivity in foamy macrophages in both organs. This is the first study of our knowledge that demonstrates histopathological lesions caused expetimentally by Brachiaria spp. in rabbits, demonstrating its potential as an animal model.

• Experimental model hepatogenic photosensitization lectin histochemistry foamy macrophages toxicoses Modelo experimental fotossensibilização hepatógena lectino-histoquímica macrófago espumoso

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Utiumi K.U., Albuquerque A.S., Burque A.S., Souza F.R., Sonne L., Varaschin M.S., Raymundo D.L. & Peconick A.P. 2018. Experimental poisoning by Brachiaria decumbens in rabbits. [Intoxicação experimental por Brachiaria decumbens em coelhos.] Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 38(10):1885-1889. Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Cx. Postal 3037, Lavras, MG 37200-000, Brazil. E-mail: ki_uemura@yahoo.com.br Brachiaria ssp. são importantes fontes de forragem para ruminantes no Brasil, devido ao fácil cultivo, boa resistência a seca, boa adaptação a diferentes solos e baixo custo de manutenção. Entretanto, a ingestão desta gramínea está relacionada a surtos de fotossensibilização, em bovinos e ovinos, principalmente, ocasionando prejuízos econômicos significativos. Os efeitos hepatotóxicos relacionados à ingestão da gramínea são a formação de cristais e macrófagos espumosos causados pelo acúmulo de metabólitos tóxicos. A utilização de bovinos e ovinos em experimentos envolvendo a planta apresenta vários empecilhos, tanto no âmbito ético, econômico e no manejo dos animais. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a sensibilidade de coelhos como modelo experimental para intoxicação por B. decumbens. No presente estudo foram realizados dois experimentos. O Experimento 1 utilizou quatro coelhos que receberam a planta fresca em doses diárias de 10, 20, 40 e 80 g/Kg de peso vivo durante 120 dias. O Experimento 2 utilizou três coelhos recebendo a planta fresca em quantidades de 500g diárias por animal com duração de 210 dias. No Experimento 1, os animais não apresentaram sinais clínicos e nem alterações macroscópicas e microscópicas características de intoxicação por B. decumbens. No Experimento 2 os animais também não apresentaram sinais clínicos e alterações macroscópicas significativas. Na análise histológica observou-se presença de macrófagos espumosos isolados ou em grupos aleatórios de células no fígado e nos linfonodos mesentéricos. Amostras de fígado e linfonodos mesentéricos dos animais do Experimento 2 foram submetidos à técnica de lectino-histoquímica. As lectinas WGA, sWGA e RCA apresentaram reatividade em macrófagos espumosos nos dois órgãos. Este é o primeiro trabalho de nosso conhecimento que demonstra lesões histopatológicas por Brachiaria spp conduzido de forma experimental em coelhos, demonstrando seu potencial como modelo animal nesse campo de estudo.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Oliveira A.P.L., Rangel J.P.P., Riodades L.F.S., Almeida B.L., Mathias C.H.T., Conti L.M.C., Fiorio W.A.B. & Monteiro B.S. 2018. Establishment of an experimental model of small intestinal ischemia and reperfusion injuries in New Zealand rabbits. [Estabelecimento de modelo experimental de indução da lesão de isquemia e reperfusão de intestino delgado em coelhos Nova Zelândia.] Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 38(8):1664-1674. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Vila Velha, Rua Comissário José Dantas de Melo 21, Vila Velha, ES 29102-920, Brazil. E-mail: oliveira.medvet@hotmail.com The present study aimed to establish a methodology capable to cause intestinal ischemia and reperfusion injuries, to perform clamping of the jejunal segment of the extramural peri-intestinal marginal artery branch. For this, 37, 10-week-old male New Zealand breed rabbits were used. One rabbit was used to establish the anatomic references for the procedure and was not part of the six experimental groups; the rest were allocated into six experimental groups: Sham group, negative control, subjected only to midline celiotomy; group I1H undergoing vascular occlusion for an hour; group I2H submitted to vascular occlusion for two hours; group I1H/R2H undergoing vascular occlusion for one hour followed by two hours of reperfusion; group I2H/R1H undergoing vascular occlusion for two hours, followed by reperfusion for one hour, and group I2H/R5H undergoing vascular occlusion for two hours followed by reperfusion for five hours. The rabbits were evaluated for the macroscopic aspects (color and peristalsis) of the jejunal segment, as well as the histological aspect, checking for presence or absence of mucosal destruction, edema, hemorrhaging, lymphatic vessel dilatation, and the presence of polymorphonuclear cells. It was observed that the macroscopic and histopathological lesions accentuated in larger employed ischemia and reperfusion times. Rabbits subjected to ischemia for two hours followed by reperfusion for five hours (I2H/R5H) made up the experimental group which was easily reproducible and showed moderate intestinal injury, different from the other groups.

• Experimental model intestinal ischemia reperfusion injuries New Zealand rabbits extramural peri-intestinal marginal artery vascular clip intestinal mucosa intestinal submucosa heterophil Modelo experimental indução lesão isquemia reperfusão intestino delgado coelhos Nova Zelândia artéria marginal peri-intestinal extramural clipe vascular mucosa intestinal submucosa intestinal heterófilo jejuno.

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Oliveira A.P.L., Rangel J.P.P., Riodades L.F.S., Almeida B.L., Mathias C.H.T., Conti L.M.C., Fiorio W.A.B. & Monteiro B.S. 2018. Establishment of an experimental model of small intestinal ischemia and reperfusion injuries in New Zealand rabbits. [Estabelecimento de modelo experimental de indução da lesão de isquemia e reperfusão de intestino delgado em coelhos Nova Zelândia.] Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 38(8):1664-1674. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Vila Velha, Rua Comissário José Dantas de Melo 21, Vila Velha, ES 29102-920, Brazil. E-mail: oliveira.medvet@hotmail.com O presente estudo objetivou estabelecer uma metodologia capaz de causar lesões de isquemia e reperfusão intestinal, realizando clipagem de um ramo de artéria marginal peri-intestinal extramural em segmento jejunal. Para tal foram utilizados 37 coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia, machos, de 10 semanas de idade, alocados em seis grupos experimentais: grupo Sham, controle negativo, submetido apenas a celiotomia mediana; grupo I1H submetido à oclusão vascular por uma hora; grupo I2H submetido a oclusão vascular por duas horas; grupo I1H/R2H submetido a oclusão vascular por uma hora, seguida de reperfusão por duas horas; grupo I2H/R1H submetido a oclusão vascular por duas horas, seguida de reperfusão por uma hora e grupo I2H/R5H submetido a oclusão vascular por duas horas seguida de reperfusão por cincos horas. Os animais foram avaliados quanto o aspecto macroscópico (coloração e peristaltismo) do segmento jejunal e quanto ao aspecto histopatológico, verificando presença ou ausência de destruição de mucosa, edema, hemorragia, dilatação de vasos linfáticos e presença de polimorfonucleares. Observou-se que as lesões macroscópicas e histopatológicas se acentuaram nos maiores tempos de isquemia e reperfusão empregados. Os animais submetidos à isquemia durante duas horas, seguida de reperfusão por cinco horas (I2H/R5H) compuseram o grupo experimental de fácil reprodução e foram os que apresentaram uma lesão intestinal moderada, diferentes dos demais grupos.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Zambrano C.G., Fonseca A.O.S., Valente J.S.S., Braga C.Q., Sallis E.S.V., Azevedo M.I., Weiblen C., Santurio J.M., Botton S.A. & Pereira D.I.B. 2017. [Isolation and characterization of Pythium species from swampy areas in the Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and evaluation of pathogenicity in an experimental model.] Isolamento e caracterização de espécies de Pythium de ambientes aquáticos no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul e avaliação da patogenicidade em modelo experimental. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 37(5):459-464. Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário s/n, Pelotas, RS 96160-000, Brazil. E-mail: danielabrayer@gmail.com One hundred and eighty-six water samples from swampy areas were collected in 13 municipalities of South, Central and West regions of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in order to isolate and characterize Pythium species and assess their pathogenicity using rabbits as experimental model. Different Pythium species were isolated from 22 (11.8%) water samples, including P. insidiosum (n=1), P. catenulatum (n=3), P. pachycaule voucher (n=1), P. rhizo-oryzae (n=3), P. torulosum (n=4) e Pythium spp. (n=10). Zoospores of these microorganisms were produced in vitro and inoculated subcutaneously into rabbits, which were assessed over 45 days. Only P. insidiosum showed pathogenicity, causing pythiosis in the experimental model.

• Pythium insidiosum oomycete pythiosis oomicetos pitiose

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Zambrano C.G., Fonseca A.O.S., Valente J.S.S., Braga C.Q., Sallis E.S.V., Azevedo M.I., Weiblen C., Santurio J.M., Botton S.A. & Pereira D.I.B. 2017. [Isolation and characterization of Pythium species from swampy areas in the Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and evaluation of pathogenicity in an experimental model.] Isolamento e caracterização de espécies de Pythium de ambientes aquáticos no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul e avaliação da patogenicidade em modelo experimental. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 37(5):459-464. Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário s/n, Pelotas, RS 96160-000, Brazil. E-mail: danielabrayer@gmail.com Foram coletadas 186 amostras de água de ambientes pantanosos em 13 municípios das regiões Sul, Central e Oeste do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, com o objetivo de isolar e caracterizar espécies de Pythium e avaliar a sua patogenicidade empregando coelhos como modelo experimental. Em 11,8% (n=22) das águas coletadas foram isoladas diferentes espécies de Pythium incluindo: P. insidiosum (n=1), P. catenulatum (n=3), P. pachycaule voucher (n=1), P. rhizo-oryzae (n=3), P. torulosum (n=4) e Pythium spp. (n=10). Zoósporos desses micro-organismos foram produzidos in vitro e inoculados por via subcutânea em coelhos, os quais foram avaliados durante 45 dias. Dentre os oomicetos testados, apenas P. insidiosum evidenciou patogenicidade, causando pitiose no modelo experimental, evidenciando que, em nossas condições, apenas esta espécie de Pythium é patógena para mamíferos.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Morini A.C., Brolio M.P., Millano A.M.O.G., Braggio L.Z, Martins D.S., Pere-cin F., Ambrósio C.E. & Miglino M.A. 2011. [There are differences in hematological and biochemical parameters between carriers and not carriers of experimental model of GRMD (Golden Retriever Muscular Dystrophy)?] Existem diferenças nos parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos séricos entre fêmeas normais e portadoras do modelo experimental GRMD (Golden Retriever Muscular Dystrophy)? Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 31(1):94-98. Setor de Anatomia dos Animais Domésticos e Silvestres, Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil. E-mail: mpbrolio@usp.br The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether there are alterations in hematological and biochemical patterns of female Golden Retriever dogs carrying the gene for progressive muscular dystrophy compared to not carriers dogs of the same breed, age and gender. We analyzed 33 animals, divided into two groups; one consisting of 13 not carriers dogs Golden Retrievers (GRNP) and the other composed of 14 dogs Golden Retrievers carrying the gene for muscular dystrophy (GRP). Animals of both groups underwent biochemical and hematological tests with the same frequency and at the same time interval. Although there is a statistically significant difference between groups for some hematological parameters evaluated, all results were in line with the benchmarks used. In the assessment of serum biochemical parameters in the determination of ALT GRS group was slightly above average, but without major clinical significance CK also showed high levels in GRP group, due to muscle degeneration and necrosis characteristic of the disease, the changes found in this analysis were already expected. The other parameters did not change.

• Muscular dystrophy distrofia muscular

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Morini A.C., Brolio M.P., Millano A.M.O.G., Braggio L.Z, Martins D.S., Pere-cin F., Ambrósio C.E. & Miglino M.A. 2011. [There are differences in hematological and biochemical parameters between carriers and not carriers of experimental model of GRMD (Golden Retriever Muscular Dystrophy)?] Existem diferenças nos parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos séricos entre fêmeas normais e portadoras do modelo experimental GRMD (Golden Retriever Muscular Dystrophy)? Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 31(1):94-98. Setor de Anatomia dos Animais Domésticos e Silvestres, Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil. E-mail: mpbrolio@usp.br A proposta deste estudo foi avaliar se existem alterações nos padrões hematológicos e bioquímicos de cadelas da raça Golden Retriever portadoras do gene da distrofia muscular progressiva em comparação aos valores obtidos em cadelas não portadoras de mesma raça e idade. Foram analisados 33 animais, distribuídos em dois grupos, um composto por 19 cadelas Golden Retrievers não portadoras (GRNP) e outro composto por 14 cadelas Golden Retrievers portadoras do gene da distrofia muscular (GRP). Os dois grupos foram submetidos aos mesmos testes hematológicos e bioquímicos, com a mesma frequência e durante o mesmo intervalo de tempo. Apesar de existir diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos para alguns parâmetros hematológicos avaliados, todos os resultados obtidos estavam de acordo com os valores de referência utilizados. Na avaliação dos parâmetros bioquímicos séricos a dosagem de ALT no grupo GRNP ficou levemente acima da média, porém sem grandes significados clínicos A CK também apresentou níveis elevados no grupo GRP, devido à degeneração e necrose muscular característicos da doença, as alterações encontradas nessa análise já eram esperadas. Os demais parâmetros não se alteraram.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Flores E.F., Weiblen R, Vogel F.S.F., Dezengrini R., Almeida S.R., Spilki F.R. & Roehe P.M. 2009. [Experimental neuropathogenesis of bovine herpesvirus 5 infection in rabbits.] Neuropatogênese experimental da infecção pelo herpesvírus bovino tipo 5 em coelhos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(1):1-16. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva. Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS. Brazil. E-mail: eduardofurtadoflores@gmail.com Several aspects of the biology of bovine herpesvirus 5 (BoHV-5) have been studied in rabbits, which develop acute infection and neurological disease upon experimental inoculation. The acute infection is followed by the establishment of latent infection, which can be naturally or artificially reactivated. The first experiments in rabbits established a protocol for virus inoculation and monitoring the infection, and characterized the main virological, clinical and pathological aspects of the acute infection. The pathogenesis of acute infection, from the initial viral replication at site of inoculation, pathways and kinetics of viral transport to the brain, distribution and virus replication in the central nervous system (CNS), cellular and tissue tropism, clinical signs and CNS pathology have been extensively studied using this animal model. Subsequently, several biological and molecular aspects of latent BoHV-5 infection have also been elucidated upon inoculation of rabbits. Rabbits have also been used to investigate the phenotype (neuroinvasiveness, neurogrowth) of field isolates and recombinant vaccine candidates, protection by passive immunity, vaccine protection, the efficacy of anti-viral drugs and support therapies for neurological disease. This animal model was also used to investigate the origin and distribution of electric impulses involved in seizures - a hallmark of BoHV-5 induced neurological infection - and also to test the efficacy of anti-convulsivants. In spite of the possible differences between rabbits and cattle - the natural host of the virus - the observations taken from this experimental model have greatly contributed to the knowledge of the biology of BoHV-5 infection. The present article presents a review of the main published and unpublished results and observations by our group, comprising more than a decade of studies on the pathogenesis of BoHV-5 infection in the rabbit model.

• Bovine herpesvirus 5 BoHV-5 rabbits experimental model

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- Flores E.F., Weiblen R, Vogel F.S.F., Dezengrini R., Almeida S.R., Spilki F.R. & Roehe P.M. 2009. [Experimental neuropathogenesis of bovine herpesvirus 5 infection in rabbits.] Neuropatogênese experimental da infecção pelo herpesvírus bovino tipo 5 em coelhos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(1):1-16. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva. Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS. Brazil. E-mail: eduardofurtadoflores@gmail.com Several aspects of the biology of bovine herpesvirus 5 (BoHV-5) have been studied in rabbits, which develop acute infection and neurological disease upon experimental inoculation. The acute infection is followed by the establishment of latent infection, which can be naturally or artificially reactivated. The first experiments in rabbits established a protocol for virus inoculation and monitoring the infection, and characterized the main virological, clinical and pathological aspects of the acute infection. The pathogenesis of acute infection, from the initial viral replication at site of inoculation, pathways and kinetics of viral transport to the brain, distribution and virus replication in the central nervous system (CNS), cellular and tissue tropism, clinical signs and CNS pathology have been extensively studied using this animal model. Subsequently, several biological and molecular aspects of latent BoHV-5 infection have also been elucidated upon inoculation of rabbits. Rabbits have also been used to investigate the phenotype (neuroinvasiveness, neurogrowth) of field isolates and recombinant vaccine candidates, protection by passive immunity, vaccine protection, the efficacy of anti-viral drugs and support therapies for neurological disease. This animal model was also used to investigate the origin and distribution of electric impulses involved in seizures - a hallmark of BoHV-5 induced neurological infection - and also to test the efficacy of anti-convulsivants. In spite of the possible differences between rabbits and cattle - the natural host of the virus - the observations taken from this experimental model have greatly contributed to the knowledge of the biology of BoHV-5 infection. The present article presents a review of the main published and unpublished results and observations by our group, comprising more than a decade of studies on the pathogenesis of BoHV-5 infection in the rabbit model.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Abidu-Figueiredo M., Xavier-Silva B., Cardinot T.M., Babinski M.A. & Chagas M.A. 2008. Celiac artery in New Zealand rabbit: Anatomical study of its origin and arrangement for experimental research and surgical practice. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 28(5):237-240. Departamento de Anatomia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil. E-mail: marceloabidu@gmail.com Rabbits have been used as an experimental model in many diseases and for the study of toxicology, pharmacology and surgery in many universities. However, some aspects of their macro anatomy need a more detailed description, especially the abdominal and pelvic arterial vascular system, which has a huge variability in distribution and trajectory. Thirty cadaveric adult New Zealand rabbits, 13 male and 17 female, with an average weight and rostrum-sacral length of 2.5 kg and 40cm, respectively, were used. The thoracic aorta was cannulated and the vascular system was filled with stained latex S-65. The celiac artery and its proximal branches were dissected and lengthened in order to evidence origin and proximal ramifications. The celiac artery emerged between the 12th and 13th thoracic vertebra in 11 (36.7%) rabbits; at the level of the 13th thoracic vertebra in 6 (20%) rabbits; between the 13th thoracic vertebra and the 1st lumbar vertebra in 12 (40%) rabbits; and at the level of the 1st lumbar vertebra in only one (3.3%) rabbit. The mean length of the celiac artery was 0.5cm. The celiac artery first branch was the lienal artery, the second branch was the left gastric artery and the hepatic artery arose from the left gastric artery in all the dissected rabbits. No relation was observed between the celiac artery length and the rostrum-sacral length in rabbits. The number of left gastric and lienal artery branches and the distribution of celiac artery origin are not gender dependent.

• Anatomy vascular system celiac artery experimental model New Zealand rabbit

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- Abidu-Figueiredo M., Xavier-Silva B., Cardinot T.M., Babinski M.A. & Chagas M.A. 2008. Celiac artery in New Zealand rabbit: Anatomical study of its origin and arrangement for experimental research and surgical practice. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 28(5):237-240. Departamento de Anatomia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil. E-mail: marceloabidu@gmail.com Rabbits have been used as an experimental model in many diseases and for the study of toxicology, pharmacology and surgery in many universities. However, some aspects of their macro anatomy need a more detailed description, especially the abdominal and pelvic arterial vascular system, which has a huge variability in distribution and trajectory. Thirty cadaveric adult New Zealand rabbits, 13 male and 17 female, with an average weight and rostrum-sacral length of 2.5 kg and 40cm, respectively, were used. The thoracic aorta was cannulated and the vascular system was filled with stained latex S-65. The celiac artery and its proximal branches were dissected and lengthened in order to evidence origin and proximal ramifications. The celiac artery emerged between the 12th and 13th thoracic vertebra in 11 (36.7%) rabbits; at the level of the 13th thoracic vertebra in 6 (20%) rabbits; between the 13th thoracic vertebra and the 1st lumbar vertebra in 12 (40%) rabbits; and at the level of the 1st lumbar vertebra in only one (3.3%) rabbit. The mean length of the celiac artery was 0.5cm. The celiac artery first branch was the lienal artery, the second branch was the left gastric artery and the hepatic artery arose from the left gastric artery in all the dissected rabbits. No relation was observed between the celiac artery length and the rostrum-sacral length in rabbits. The number of left gastric and lienal artery branches and the distribution of celiac artery origin are not gender dependent.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Beltrão, N., Flores E.F., Weiblen R., Silva A.M., Roehe, P.M. & lrigoyen L.F. 2000. [Acute infection and neurological disease by bovine herpesvirus type-5 (BHV-5): Rabbits as an experimental model.] Infecção aguda e enfermidade neurológica pelo herpesvírus bovino tipo 5 (BHV-5): coelhos como modelo experimental. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 20(4):144-150. Depto Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105- 900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Rabbits are susceptible to bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BHV-5) infection and often develop an acute and fatal neurological disease upon intranasal inoculation. The kinetics of viral infection of the central nervous system (CNS) was investigated by testing serial brain sections for infectivity at intervals after virus inoculation. The virus was first detected in the main olfactory bulb at 48h, followed by the olfactory cortex at 48/72h. At 72/96h infectivity was also detected in the trigeminal ganglia, pons and cerebral cortex. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the role of the olfactory system in the invasion of the rabbits&rsquo; CNS by BHV-5. In the first experiment, rabbits were inoculated with two BHV-5 isolates in the conjunctival sac. Rabbits inoculated by this route developed the neurological disease, yet with a reduced frequency and delayed clinical course. In a second experiment, twelve rabbits were submitted to surgical removal of the olfactory bulb and subsequently inoculated intranasally with BHV-5. Eleven out of 12 (91.6%) of the control rabbits developed the disease, against four out of 12 (33.3%) of the animals lacking the olfactory bulb. These results suggest that the olfactory system is the main pathway utilized by BHV-5 to reach the CNS of rabbits after intranasal inoculation. Nevertheless, the development of neurological infection in rabbits inoculated in the conjunctival sac and in rabbits lacking the olfactory bulb indicate that BHV- 5 may utilize an alternative route to invade the CNS, probably the sensory and autonomic fibers of the trigeminal nerve. The effects of immunization with homologous (BHV-5) and heterologous (BHV-1) strains in prevention of neurological disease by BHV-5 were investigated. Five out of 10 rabbits (50%) immunized with BHV-5 showed mild and transient neurological signs and one died upon challenge. Interestingly, the degree of protection against BHV-5 challenge was higher in rabbits immunized with BHV-1: only two rabbits showed transiente neurological signs and subsequently recovered. Thus, prevention of neurological disease by BHV-5 in rabbits may be achieved by immunization with either BHV-5 or BHV-1, likely reflecting the extensive serological cross-reactivity between these viruses. Further studies in rabbits may help in understanding the pathogenesis and immune response to BHV-5 infection.

• Bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BHV-5) meningo-encephalitis rabbits experimental model Herpesvírus Bovino tipo 5 meningoencefalite coelhos modelo experimental.

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Beltrão, N., Flores E.F., Weiblen R., Silva A.M., Roehe, P.M. & lrigoyen L.F. 2000. [Acute infection and neurological disease by bovine herpesvirus type-5 (BHV-5): Rabbits as an experimental model.] Infecção aguda e enfermidade neurológica pelo herpesvírus bovino tipo 5 (BHV-5): coelhos como modelo experimental. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 20(4):144-150. Depto Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105- 900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Coelhos são susceptíveis à infecção pelo herpesvírus bovino tipo 5 (BHV-5) e freqüentemente desenvolvem enfermidade neurológica aguda fatal após inoculação intranasal. A cinética da invasão do sistema nervoso central (SNC) de coelhos pelo BHV-5 foi estudada através de pesquisa de vírus em secções do SNC a diferentes intervalos pósinoculação. Após inoculação intranasal, o vírus foi inicialmente detectado no bulbo olfatório às 48h, seguido do córtex olfatório às 48/72h. Às 72/96h o vírus foi detectado também no gânglio trigêmeo, ponte e córtex cerebral. Dois experimentos foram realizados para avaliar a importância do sistema olfatório na invasão do SNC de coelhos pelo BHV-5. No primeiro experimento, coelhos foram inoculados com duas amostras do BHV-5 no saco conjuntival. Coelhos inoculados por essa via também desenvolveram a enfermidade neurológica, porém com menor freqüência com curso clínico tardio. No segundo experimento, doze coelhos foram submetidos à ablação cirúrgica do bulbo olfatório e posteriormente inoculados com o BHV-5 pela via intranasal. Onze de 12 coelhos controle (91,6%), não submetidos à cirurgia, desenvolveram a doença neurológica, contra quatro de 12 (33,3%) dos animais submetidos à remoção cirúrgica do bulbo olfatório. Esses resultados demonstram que o sistema olfatório constitui-se na principal via de acesso do BHV-5 ao encéfalo de coelhos após inoculação intranasal. No entanto, o desenvolvimento de infecção neurológica em coelhos inoculados pela via conjuntival e em coelhos sem o bulbo olfatório indica que o BHV-5 pode utilizar outras vias para invadir o SNC, provavelmente as. fibras sensoriais e autonômicas que compõe o nervo trigêmeo. Os efeitos da imunização com vírus homólogo (BHV-5) e heterólogo (BHV-1) na proteção à infecção neurológica foram investigados. Cinco entre 10 coelhos (50%) imunizados com o BHV-5 apresentaram sinais neurológicos discretos e transitórios e um morreu após o desafio com o BHV-5. Curiosamente, o grau de proteção foi superior nos coelhos imunizados com o BHV-1: apenas dois animais apresentaram sinais clínicos passageiros e recuperaram-se. Portanto, proteção da enfermidade neurológica pelo BHV-5 em coelhos pode ser obtida por imunização com o BHV-5 ou BHV-1, provavelmente devido à extensa reatividade sorológica cruzada entre esses vírus. Estudos adicionais em coelhos podem auxiliar no esclarecimento da patogênese e resposta imunológica a infecção pelo BHV-5.